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<title>Phillips Code</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phillips Code</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Phillips Code</b> is a <a href="Brevity_code" title="Brevity code">brevity code</a> (shorthand) compiled and expanded in 1879 by <a href="Walter_P._Phillips" title="Walter P. Phillips">Walter P. Phillips</a> (then of the <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>) for the rapid transmission of <a href="Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> messages, including press reports.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>It was compiled in 1879 by <a href="Walter_P._Phillips" title="Walter P. Phillips">Walter P. Phillips</a>, who explained that he was in large part putting down the collective experience of generations of telegraph operators. In the introduction to the 1907 edition of his book, "The Phillips Code: A Thoroughly Tested Method of Shorthand Arranged for Telegraphic Purposes. And Contemplating the Rapid Transmission of Press Reports; Also Intended to be Used as an Easily Acquired Method for General Newspaper and Court Reporting," Phillips wrote, "Research suggests that at one time, commercial telegraphs and railroads had numerical codes that contained at least 100 groupings. Few survived beyond the turn of the century. The compilation in this book represents the consensus of many whose duties brought them into close contact with this subject."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>His code defined hundreds of abbreviations and initialisms for commonly used words that news authors and copy desk staff would commonly use. There were subcodes for commodities and stocks called the Market Code, a Baseball Supplement, and single-letter codes for Option Months. The last official edition was published in 1925, but there was also a Market supplement last published in 1909 that was separate.

</p><p>The code consists of a dictionary of common words or phrases and their associated abbreviations. Extremely common terms are represented by a single letter (C: See; Y: Year); those less frequently used gain successively longer abbreviations (Ab: About; Abb: Abbreviate; Abty: Ability; Acmpd: Accompanied).

</p><p>Later, The Evans Basic English Code<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded the 1,760 abbreviations in the Phillips Code to 3,848 abbreviations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_use">Examples of use</h2></div>

<p>Using the Phillips Code, this ten-word telegraphic transmission:

</p>

<blockquote><p>ABBG LG WORDS CAN SAVE XB AMTS MON AVOG FAPIB</p></blockquote>

<p>expands to this:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Abbreviating long words can save exorbitant amounts of money, avoiding filing a petition in bankruptcy.</p></blockquote>

<p>In 1910, an article explaining the basic structure and purpose of the Phillips Code appeared in various US newspapers and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example given is:

</p>

<blockquote><p>T tri o HKT ft mu o SW on Ms roof garden, nw in pg, <i>etc.</i></p></blockquote><p>which the article translates as:

</p><blockquote><p>The <a href="Harry_Kendall_Thaw#Trial" title="Harry Kendall Thaw">trial of Harry K. Thaw</a> for the murder of Stanford White on Madison Square Roof Garden, now in progress, <i>etc.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_codes">Notable codes</h2></div>

<p>The terms <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">POTUS</a> and <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">SCOTUS</a> originated in telegraph code, and are included in the Phillips code.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCOTUS appeared in the very first edition of 1879<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and POTUS was in use by 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was officially included in the 1923 edition. These abbreviations entered common parlance when news gathering services, in particular, the <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, adopted the terminology.

</p><p>Telegraph operators would often interleave Phillips Code with numeric <a href="Wire_signal" title="Wire signal">wire signals</a> that had been developed during the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> era, such as the <a href="92_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="92 Code">92 Code</a>. These codes were used by <a href="Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> telegraphers to indicate <a href="Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> instructions and they proved to be useful when describing an article's priority or confirming its transmission and receipt. This <a href="Meta-data" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-data">meta-data</a> would occasionally appear in print when <a href="Typesetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Typesetters">typesetters</a> included the codes in newspapers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the code for "No more—the end", abbreviated as <a href="-30-" title="-30-">"- 30 -"</a> on a <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excerpts_of_the_codes">Excerpts of the codes</h2></div>

Example abbreviations of the Phillips Code

</caption>

<th>Code

</th>

<th>Expansion

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hag

</td>

<td>Haggle

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hz

</td>

<td>Hazard

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Igo

</td>

<td>In consequence of

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kf

</td>

<td>Confer

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kft

</td>

<td>Conflict

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kpt

</td>

<td>Compete

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Oac

</td>

<td>On account of

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ot

</td>

<td>Owing to

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pcu

</td>

<td>Preclude

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pkg

</td>

<td>Packing

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pkj

</td>

<td>Package

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pmnt

</td>

<td>Prominent

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Px

</td>

<td>Price

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pxl

</td>

<td>Political

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rept

</td>

<td>Repeat

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rlav

</td>

<td>Relative

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rpv

</td>

<td>Representative

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sac

</td>

<td>Senate Committee

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Scf

</td>

<td>Sacrifice

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sovy

</td>

<td>Sovereignty

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Spn

</td>

<td>Suspicion

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Thu

</td>

<td>The house

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Wam

</td>

<td>Ways and means

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>_ _ _ _

</td>

<td>Paragraph mark

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Co

</td>

<td>County

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Dr

</td>

<td>Doctor

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Dx

</td>

<td>Dash

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ea

</td>

<td>Each

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ed

</td>

<td>Editor

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Eu

</td>

<td>Europe

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Fm

</td>

<td>From

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Gb

</td>

<td>Great Britain

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Gj

</td>

<td>Grand Jury

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hc

</td>

<td>Habeas corpus

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hf

</td>

<td>Half

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hi

</td>

<td>High

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kg

</td>

<td>King

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ld

</td>

<td>London

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lp

</td>

<td>Liverpool

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lx

</td>

<td>Pounds sterling

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mm

</td>

<td>Mid-meridian (midnight)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mo

</td>

<td>Month

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mr

</td>

<td>Mister

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Oc

</td>

<td>O'clock

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Qm

</td>

<td>Quartermaster

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ry

</td>

<td>Railway

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sa

</td>

<td>Senate

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ss

</td>

<td>Steamship

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Td

</td>

<td>Treasury Department

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Xm

</td>

<td>Extreme

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Za

</td>

<td>Sea

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Xg

</td>

<td>Legislate

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Xb

</td>

<td>Exorbitant

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ITC

</td>

<td>In this connection

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>IQO

</td>

<td>In consequence of

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>IAB

</td>

<td>Introduced a bill

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>IAR

</td>

<td>Introduced a resolution

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>HVNB

</td>

<td>Have not been

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hur

</td>

<td>House of Representatives

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>GX

</td>

<td>Great excitement

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>GOH

</td>

<td>Guest of honor

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>IWR

</td>

<td>It was reported

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>IXJ

</td>

<td>It is alleged

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>KAH

</td>

<td>Knots an hour

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CIC

</td>

<td>Commander In Chief

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>UMPS

</td>

<td>Umpires

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2></div>

<ul><li>1879: <i>The Phillips Telegraphic Code for the Rapid Transmission by Telegraph</i>, published by Gibson Brothers Printers<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1909 Market Supplement</li>

<li>1918 edition (implied by an article in the September 1923 edition of the <i>Commercial Telegraphers' Journal</i>, Volume 21<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li>

<li>April 1, 1923, edited by E. E. Bruckner and published by <i>Telegraph & Telephone Age</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<ul><li><a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_signal" title="Wire signal">Wire signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Scribal abbreviation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_shorthand_systems" title="List of shorthand systems">List of shorthand systems</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1975" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Walter P. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qsl.net/ae0q/phillip1.htm"><i>The Phillips Code</i></a>. Union, NJ: National Telegraph Office.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1947" class="citation book cs1">Evans, John (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.duke.edu/~ng46/collections/evans-basic-english-1947.pdf"><i>The Evans Basic English Code</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chicago, IL: John & Clarence Evans.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"IXX 5 POTUS WI: How News Comes in to 'The Sun' ". <i>Indianapolis Sun</i>. June 28, 1910. p. 2.</cite>

In the <i>Sun</i>'s version of the article, the text <i>tri</i> is given as <i>trio</i> and <i>Ms</i> as <i>Msq</i>—evidently typographical errors.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-pot1.htm">"President of the United States"</a>. World Wide Words (copyright Michael Quinion)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation news cs1">Safire, William (October 12, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/12/magazine/on-language-potus-and-flotus.html">"On Language; POTUS and FLOTUS"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>. Section 6, p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-25</span></span>. N.B.: Mistakenly claims POTUS first appeared in the later 1925 edition.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite news}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/scotus_supreme_court_of_the_united_states">"Entry from July 30, 2011 SCOTUS (Supreme Court Of The United States)"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1879" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Walter (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zw9LAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+Phillips+Telegraphic+Code+for+the+Rapid+Transmission+by+Telegraph%22"><i>The Phillips Telegraphic Code for the Rapid Transmission by Telegraph</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Gibson Brothers, Printers.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212101705/http://ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4408">"So Why Not 29?"</a>. <i>American Journalism Review</i>. October–November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4408">the original</a> on 2010-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrouAQAAIAAJ&q=1923+Phillips+code&pg=RA1-PA258">"September 1923 edition of the Commercial Telegraphers' Journal, Volume 21"</a>. 1922.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921034449/http://www.morsetelegraphclub.org/files/phillips.pdf">"Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. Sampling of the Phillips Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morsetelegraphclub.org/files/phillips.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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